Abstract: The article follows a situated intersectional perspective, and includes analyses from the sociology of diagnosis and pharmaceutical studies. The aim is to analyze a set of research sources composed of i. semi-directed interviews with 15 cis women who were or are hospitalized in a neuropsychiatric hospital in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, ii. semi-directed interviews with 17 professionals from the treatment teams, and iii. analysis of 10 medical records. The underlying diagnoses received by the women and their variation over prolonged periods of hospitalization are analyzed, as well as the relationship between admission diagnoses and psychopharmacological medication administration schedules. The methodology triangulates the analysis of sources from qualitative and quantitative methods and techniques.

Resumen: El artículo sigue una perspectiva interseccional situada, e incorpora análisis desde la sociología del diagnóstico y los estudios sociales de los fármacos. El objetivo es analizar un conjunto de fuentes de investigación compuesto por i.: entrevistas semidirigidas a 15 mujeres cis que estuvieron o están internadas en un hospital neuropsiquiátrico de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; ii. entrevistas semidirigidas a 17 profesionales de los equipos tratantes, y iii. análisis de 10 historias clínicas. Se analizan los diagnósticos de base que recibieron las mujeres, y su variación a lo largo de períodos prolongados de internación, así como la relación entre los diagnósticos de ingreso y los esquemas de administración de medicación psicofarmacológica. La metodología triangula el análisis de fuentes desde métodos y técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas.

Resumo: O artigo segue uma perspectiva interseccional situada e incorpora análises da sociologia do diagnóstico e dos estudos sociais das drogas. O objetivo é analisar um conjunto de fontes de pesquisa composto por: i. entrevistas semi-dirigidas com 15 mulheres cis que estavam ou estão internadas em um hospital neuropsiquiátrico da província de Buenos Aires, Argentina; ii. entrevistas semi-dirigidas com 17 profissionais das equipes de tratamento e iii. análise de 10 históricos médicos. São analisados os diagnósticos subjacentes recebidos pelas mulheres e sua variação ao longo de períodos prolongados de internação, bem como a relação entre os diagnósticos de admissão e os esquemas de administração de medicamentos psicofarmacológicos. A metodologia triangula a análise de fontes a partir de métodos e técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas.

Resumen (analítico) Se abordan las categorías de trayectorias institucionales, diagnósticos psiquiátricos y violencias, a través de un estudio de caso de un adolescente declarado penalmente responsable y luego condenado por la comisión de delitos en Ciudad de Buenos Aires (1993-2005), a través de su expediente tutelar abierto en los juzgados de menores, desde que era menor no punible hasta su mayoría de edad. El análisis se complementa con las sentencias definitivas y normativa relacionada. El objetivo es analizar este expediente desde el concepto de trayectorias, hipotetizando que estas no son lineales, deterministas ni reduccionistas, sino que se componen en una densa trama de circunstancias y experiencias. Los resultados se organizan en tres vectores: diagnósticos psiquiátricos, trayectorias institucionales y violencias. El artículo busca contribuir teórica y metodológicamente a los estudios sociales de juventudes.

Abstract (analytical) The categories of institutional trajectories, psychiatric diagnoses and violence are addressed through a case study of an adolescent declared criminally responsible and later convicted of ordering crimes in Buenos Aires (1993-2005). His institutional trajectories were followed through analysis of his custody file in the juvenile courts as he was a minor not punishable until he reached the age of criminal responsibility. This analysis is complemented with the inclusion of the adolescent’s final sentences, and related regulations. The objective of the case study is to analyze this file using the concept of trajectories, hypothesizing that these are not linear, deterministic or reductionist, but consist of a dense fabric of circumstances and experiences. The results are organized into three vectors: psychiatric diagnoses, institutional trajectories and violence. The article seeks to contribute theoretically and methodologically to the field of youth studies.

Resumo (analítico) As categorias de trajetórias institucionais, diagnósticos psiquiátricos e violências são abordadas, através de um estudo de caso de um adolescente declarado criminalmente responsável e depois condenado pela prática de crimes na cidade de Buenos Aires (1993-2005), através de seu arquivo tutelar aberto nos julgados juvenis, uma vez que era menor de idade não punível até a maioridade. A análise é complementada pelas sentenças finais e regulamentos relacionados. O objetivo é analisar esse arquivo a partir do conceito de trajetórias, levantando a hipótese de que não são lineares, determinísticos ou reducionistas, mas que são compostos por um conjunto denso de circunstâncias e experiências. Os resultados estão organizados em três vetores: diagnóstico psiquiátrico, trajetórias institucionais e violência. O artigo busca contribuir teórica e metodologicamente para os estudos sociais da juventude.

Abstract Introduction: Several studies have shown a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease in indigenous populations. Aim: To detect cardiovascular and renal risk factors, hypertension, overweight and obesity, truncal obesity, diabetes and proteinuria, and to evaluate educational level, employment situation, socioeconomic level and health care coverage in subjects from the Wichi ethnic group who inhabit in "El Impenetrable” in Chaco. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, with a random sample of subjects over 18 years of age. The semi-structured survey, translated into the Wichi language, included: age, sex, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habit, educational level, employment situation, health care coverage and socioeconomic level. Weight, height, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and proteinuria were measured. Body mass index was calculated. Results: 156 people were evaluated (58.3% men; age: 34 ± 12 years). The body mass index was 27.9 ± 5.3, with no difference between the sexes. Hypertension was present in 10.8% of individuals; overweight in 34.0%; obesity in 30.9%; truncal obesity in 40.1% (higher in women, p = 0.03); smoking habit in 17.4%; sedentary lifestyle in 83.3%, and proteinuria in 14.5%. A single case of diabetes was registered. Only 6.4% reported having a job, 49.3% had not completed primary studies, 61.7% qualified as marginal in terms of socioeconomic status, and only 3.8% had health care coverage. Conclusion: This population group shows a high degree of food, educational, occupational, social and health vulnerability, reflected in the high prevalence of cardiovascular and renal risk factors (particularly excess weight and truncal obesity), in the low educational, employment and socioeconomic levels, and in the lack of health coverage.

Resumen Introducción: Varios estudios han demostrado en poblaciones indígenas alta prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, proteinuria y enfermedad renal crónica. Objetivo: Detectar factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal, hipertensión arterial, sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad central, diabetes y proteinuria, y evaluar nivel educativo, situación laboral, nivel socioeconómico y cobertura de salud en sujetos de la etnia wichi, habitantes de “El Impenetrable” chaqueño. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal, con muestra aleatoria de sujetos mayores de 18 años. La encuesta semiestructurada, y traducida a lengua wichi, incluyó: edad, sexo, sedentarismo, tabaquismo, nivel educativo, situación laboral, cobertura de salud y nivel socioeconómico. Se midió peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, glucemia y proteinuria. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Resultados: Se evaluaron 156 personas (el 58,3% varones, edad 34 ± 12 años). El índice de masa corporal fue de 27,9 ± 5,3, sin diferencia entre sexos. Presentó hipertensión arterial el 10,8%, sobrepeso el 34,0%, obesidad el 30,9%, obesidad central el 40,1% (mayor en mujeres, p= 0,03), tabaquismo el 17,4%, sedentarismo el 83,3%, y proteinuria el 14,5%. Se registró un único caso de diabetes. Solo 6,4% refirió trabajar, el 49,3% no había finalizado estudios primarios, el 61,7% calificó como marginal en el nivel socioeconómico, y solo el 3,8% tenía cobertura de salud. Conclusión: Este grupo poblacional evidencia un alto grado de vulnerabilidad alimentaria, educativa, laboral, social y sanitaria, reflejado en la alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal (en particular exceso de peso y obesidad central), en el bajo nivel educativo, laboral y socioeconómico, y en la falta de cobertura de salud.

Abstract In the context of changes in the globalization process, medicalization constitutes a central problem in the international health agenda. During the 1990s, the international expansion of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) began, among other factors, due to the growing relevance of non-medical actors in the process, and specific legislation for diverse diagnosis. The paper seeks to contribute to an analysis of the space provided by the online written press, to the processes of medicalization of ADHD in Argentina in the 21st century. It also seeks to provide a panoramic reading of the processes in the region and at an international level. Additionally we intend the paper to function as a contribution to a vacancy area in social studies in this regard. For this paper, we analyzed 236 on line articles of Argentine newspapers of national and provincial scope between 2001 and 2017. For the survey, selection and filter mechanisms were designed, with criteria and tools for search and processing of news. Regularity estimates were made of emerging topics, and partial information processing was required, including among other dimensions: year, jurisdiction, medium, date, section, title, category, characteristics of the note, keywords, concept or name of the problem, drug, treatment, social actors and recommendations, among others. With the article we are interested to swell the still few studies that contribute to the understanding of how the diagnosis of ADHD is migrating to different regions of the globe, and more specifically, how it is positioning itself as an international health problem. The results show that, in the medicalization processes of ADHD in boys and girls, the Argentine written press (national and provincial) becomes a relevant non-medical actor both in the institutionalization of the problem, and in the presentation of therapeutic lines to follow and in actions aimed at promoting specific legislation.

Resumen En el contexto de cambios del proceso de globalización, la medicalización constituye una problemática central en la agenda de salud internacional. Durante la década de 1990, comenzó la expansión internacional del diagnóstico de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), entre otros factores, merced a la creciente relevancia de actores no médicos en el proceso y de legislaciones específicas para diferentes diagnósticos. El artículo busca contribuir a un análisis del espacio que le otorga la prensa escrita on line a los procesos de medicalización del TDAH en Argentina en el siglo XXI, como aporte a una lectura panorámica de los procesos en la región y a nivel internacional, y como contribución a un área de vacancia en los estudios sociales. Para este artículo, analizamos 236 artículos on line de periódicos argentinos de alcance nacional y provincial entre 2001 y 2017. Para el relevamiento se diseñaron mecanismos de selección y filtro, con criterios y herramientas de búsqueda y procesamiento de noticias. Se efectuaron estimaciones de regularidad de tópicos emergentes y procesamientos parciales de información, incluyendo, entre otras dimensiones, año, jurisdicción, medio, fecha, sección, título, categoría, características de la nota, palabras clave, concepto o nombre del problema, fármaco/droga, tratamiento, actores sociales y recomendaciones. Con el artículo nos interesa engrosar los todavía escasos estudios que aportan a la comprensión de cómo el diagnóstico de TDAH está migrando a diferentes regiones del globo y, más específicamente, cómo está posicionándose como un problema de salud internacional. Los resultados muestran que, en los procesos de medicalización del TDAH en niños y niñas, la prensa escrita argentina (nacional y provincial) se constituye en un actor no médico relevante tanto en la institucionalización de la problemática como en la presentación de líneas terapéuticas a seguir y en acciones orientadas al impulso de legislaciones específicas.

Resumen Se analiza la incidencia del diagnóstico de Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) sobre la percepción y organización del tiempo en la vida cotidiana, de parte de las familias, y en especial las madres de niños y niñas diagnosticados por TEA (NNDxTEA). Los resultados surgen de dos investigaciones de posgrado. La metodología es cualitativa, reconstruye las historias de vida de cuatro madres que durante 2015 acompañaron a sus NNDxTEA a un Centro Terapéutico en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se consideran dos líneas. Primera, la medicalización y biomedicalización como procesos de anillados concéntricos en tres niveles: macro, meso y micro, profundizando el análisis en este último. Segunda, la vinculación entre los procesos de diagnóstico y tratamiento en salud mental, y las biosocialidades. Adicionalmente se incorporan consideraciones desde la sociología del tiempo. Los resultados exponen la incidencia del diagnóstico de TEA sobre el tiempo en cuatro ejes: la transformación de las actividades cotidianas, por la asistencia a espacios terapéuticos; las expectativas respecto del tiempo libre y esparcimiento; los cambios que, de haber podido, hubieran hecho en el tiempo que los NNDxTEA llevan realizando las terapias; y las creencias y pensamientos acerca del futuro del NNDxTEA de parte de sus familiares.

Abstract The influence of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis on the perception and organization of time in daily life by families, especially mothers, of children diagnosed with ASD is analyzed. Results stem from two graduate investigations. The methodology is qualitative, reconstructing the life stories of four mothers who, throughout 2015, accompanied their children diagnosed with ASD to a Therapeutic Center in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Two lines are considered: first, the medicalization and biomedicalization as concentric ringed processes in three levels: macro, meso and micro, deepening the analysis in the latter. Second, the link between diagnostic and treatment processes in mental health and the biosocialities. Some considerations on sociology of time are also incorporated. The results show the incidence of the ASD diagnosis over time, in four areas: the transformation of daily activities, by attending therapeutic spaces; the expectations regarding free time and leisure; the changes that, if possible, have been made in the time the children diagnosed with ASD have been carrying out the therapy; and the beliefs and thoughts of their relatives about the future of the children diagnosed with ASD.

Abstract The influence of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis on the perception and organization of time in daily life by families, especially mothers, of children diagnosed with ASD is analyzed. Results stem from two graduate investigations. The methodology is qualitative, reconstructing the life stories of four mothers who, throughout 2015, accompanied their children diagnosed with ASD to a Therapeutic Center in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Two lines are considered: first, the medicalization and biomedicalization as concentric ringed processes in three levels: macro, meso and micro, deepening the analysis in the latter. Second, the link between diagnostic and treatment processes in mental health and the biosocialities. Some considerations on sociology of time are also incorporated. The results show the incidence of the ASD diagnosis over time, in four areas: the transformation of daily activities, by attending therapeutic spaces; the expectations regarding free time and leisure; the changes that, if possible, have been made in the time the children diagnosed with ASD have been carrying out the therapy; and the beliefs and thoughts of their relatives about the future of the children diagnosed with ASD.

Resumen Se analiza la incidencia del diagnóstico de Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) sobre la percepción y organización del tiempo en la vida cotidiana, de parte de las familias, y en especial las madres de niños y niñas diagnosticados por TEA (NNDxTEA). Los resultados surgen de dos investigaciones de posgrado. La metodología es cualitativa, reconstruye las historias de vida de cuatro madres que durante 2015 acompañaron a sus NNDxTEA a un Centro Terapéutico en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se consideran dos líneas. Primera, la medicalización y biomedicalización como procesos de anillados concéntricos en tres niveles: macro, meso y micro, profundizando el análisis en este último. Segunda, la vinculación entre los procesos de diagnóstico y tratamiento en salud mental, y las biosocialidades. Adicionalmente se incorporan consideraciones desde la sociología del tiempo. Los resultados exponen la incidencia del diagnóstico de TEA sobre el tiempo en cuatro ejes: la transformación de las actividades cotidianas, por la asistencia a espacios terapéuticos; las expectativas respecto del tiempo libre y esparcimiento; los cambios que, de haber podido, hubieran hecho en el tiempo que los NNDxTEA llevan realizando las terapias; y las creencias y pensamientos acerca del futuro del NNDxTEA de parte de sus familiares.

ABSTRACT Water deficit is responsible for a negative impact on agricultural systems. Several physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes are initiated as a response to water-deficit stress. Quantifying the differential expression of the genes involved in the response to water-deficit stress plays a key role in the development of molecular strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the expression of key genes involved in the water-deficit response process in peach trees cv. Chimarrita grafted onto two different rootstocks. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments that correspond to the evaluation periods: day zero (control), the fourth, seventh, and ninth days of water-deficit stress. Leaf samples of each Chimarrita/rootstock combination were analyzed separately. The expression of the genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and carbohydrate metabolism, namely ACC oxidase, GTL, SDH, SIP1, SOT1, S6PDH, and P5CS was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A differential response was observed in the expression of the SDH, GTL, P5CS, and SIP1 genes between Chimarrita/rootstock (Aldrighi 1 and Tsukuba 2)combinations. In both combinations of grafting, the S6PDH gene presented the highest level of expression at the fourth day of stress. These results show that genes related to carbohydrate and proline metabolism are important molecular markers to identify variability to water-deficit tolerance in Prunus persica.

Resumen: Con el cambio de siglo, los fenómenos en los que las condiciones, capacidades y potenciales humanos suscitan intervención farmacológica, y especialmente psicofarmacológica, adquirieron una espesura tal que originaron una corriente específica de estudios. La farmacologización como perspectiva mayormente anglosajona en la que ensamblan saberes de estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología, medicalización y biomedicalización, sociología del diagnóstico, biopolítica y gubernamentalidad, entre otros, dispone ya de un caudaloso corpus de producciones. A la vez, nuestra región cuenta con estudios empíricos que contribuyen a una mirada propia aunque en diálogo con tales producciones. El objetivo es presentar una revisión y análisis teórico-metodológicos de bibliografía específica como encuadre de referencia y discusión con dichas producciones, marcando confluencias, limitaciones y especificidades analíticas.

Abstract: With the turn of the century, phenomena in which human conditions, capacities and potentials require pharmacological and especially psychopharmacological intervention, acquired such a thickness that originated a specific school of studies. As a mainly Anglo-Saxon perspective, pharmaceuticalization assemblages knowledges from social studies of science and technology, medicalization, sociology of diagnosis, biopolitics and governmentality, among others, and has an abundant corpus of productions. At the same time, our region has empirical studies that contribute to an own view, though in dialogue with these productions. The objective is to expose a theoretical and methodological revision and analysis on specific literature, as a reference and discussion scaffolding among productions, and highlighting confluences, limitations and analytical specificities.

Resumo: Com a virada do século, os fenômenos em que as condições, capacidades e potenciais humanos despertaram a intervenção farmacológica, e principalmente a intervenção psicofarmacológica, adquiriram tal espessura que originaram uma corrente específica de estudos. A farmacologização, como perspectiva largamente anglo-saxônica, na qual eles reúnem conhecimento de estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia, medicalização e biomedicalização, sociologia do diagnóstico, biopolítica e governamentalidade, entre outros, já possui um grande acervo de produções. Ao mesmo tempo, nossa região possui estudos empíricos que contribuem para o seu próprio olhar, embora em diálogo com tais produções. O objetivo é apresentar uma revisão e análise teórico-metodológica de bibliografia específica como referencial e discussão com as referidas produções, marcando confluências, limitações e especificidades analíticas.

Introduction: There is a lack of data on nutritional status and cardiovascular and renal risk factors in pediatrics in the province of Chaco, one of the poorest provinces and with the largest pediatric population in Argentina. Objective: To determine the prevalence of these risk factors: nutritional (low weight/height, low height/age, low weight and overweight); perinatal (maternal age and gestational age at birth), as well as cardiovascular and renal (overweight, hypertension and proteinuria), correlated with birth weight, in population from one month old to 18 years old in the urban agglomeration of Gran Resistencia, province of Chaco. Material and methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were selected by probabilistic sampling through agglomerations according to population weight in each strata, taken from schools for 6-18 year-old children and from health centers for children under 6. Results: A total of 850 children were studied. The prevalence of risk factors was: 24% with high risk for maternal age, 21% with preterm birth, 7.2% with low birth weight, 9.1% with low height/age, 4.2% with low weight/height, 11.8% with high weight/height, 6.3% with low weight/age, 2.4% with proteinuria and 6.8% with high blood pressure. In children under 6 years of age with low birth weight, compared to those with normal birth weight, the odd ratio for low weight/height was 6.15, and for low weight/age it was 5.02; for those born with a high weight compared to those born with normal weight, the odd ratio for overweight was 3.07. Conclusions: the pediatric population which was studied presents a situation of high nutritional risk that correlates with birth weight. The prevalence of proteinuria and high blood pressure were not associated with birth weight.

Introducción: Se carece de datos sobre situación nutricional y factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal en pediatría en la provincia del Chaco, una de las más pobres y con mayor población pediátrica de Argentina. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo nutricionales (bajo peso/talla, baja talla/edad, bajo peso y sobrepeso), factores de riesgo perinatales (edad materna y edad gestacional al nacimiento), cardiovasculares y renales (sobrepeso, hipertensión arterial y proteinuria), correlacionados con el peso al nacer, en población de un mes a 18 años del conglomerado urbano del Gran Resistencia, provincia del Chaco. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal. Los participantes se seleccionaron por muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados según peso de la población en cada estrato, de escuelas para niños de 6 a 18 años y de centros de salud para menores de 6. Resultados: Se estudiaron 850 niños. La prevalencia de factores de riesgo fue: 24% alto riesgo por edad materna; 21% nacidos pre-término; 7,2% bajo peso al nacer; 9,1% baja talla/edad; 4,2% bajo peso/talla; 11,8% alto peso/talla; 6,3% bajo peso/edad; 2,4% proteinuria; y 6,8% hipertensión arterial. En menores de 6 años con bajo peso al nacer comparados con nacidos con peso normal, la odd ratio para presentar bajo peso/talla fue de 6,15, y para bajo peso/edad de 5,02; para nacidos con alto peso comparados con nacidos con peso normal, la odd ratio para sobrepeso fue 3,07. Conclusiones: La población pediátrica estudiada presenta una situación de alto riesgo nutricional que correlaciona con el peso al nacer. La prevalencia de proteinuria e hipertensión arterial no se asociaron al peso al nacer.

Abstract The paper aims to offer a systematic analysis of some results from investigations conducted in Argentina and Brazil relating on the use of methylphenidate, its prescription and sale’s regulation. We also examined the discussions among researchers and professionals assisting individuals diagnosed with ADHD in both countries. The article integrates two research fields. In Argentina, newspaper articles, official and professional organizations’ numeric data, and individual and group health professionals semi structured interviews conducted between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed. In Brazil scientific journals, participant observation and school teachers and health professionals were analyzed. Conclusions include that social movements in both countries have been organized and articulated, in an attempt to promote discussion on the medicalization of childhood and its deployment in society.

Resumen El trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis sistemático de algunos resultados de investigaciones realizadas en Argentina y Brasil relacionadas con el uso del metilfenidato, su prescripción y la regulación de la venta. También examinamos las discusiones entre investigadores y profesionales que asisten a personas diagnosticadas con TDAH en ambos países. El artículo integra dos campos de investigación. En Argentina se analizaron artículos de prensa, datos numéricos de organizaciones oficiales y profesionales y entrevistas semiestructuradas de profesionales de salud individuales y grupales realizadas entre 2007 y 2011. En Brasil se analizaron las revistas científicas, la observación participante y los profesores de las escuelas y los profesionales de la salud. Las conclusiones incluyen que los movimientos sociales en ambos países se han organizado y articulado, en un intento de promover el debate sobre la medicalización de la infancia y su despliegue en la sociedad.

Resumo O artigo pretende oferecer uma análise sistemática de alguns resultados das investigações realizadas na Argentina e no Brasil sobre o uso de metilfenidato, sua prescrição e regulamento de venda. Também examinamos as discussões entre pesquisadores e profissionais que atendem indivíduos com diagnóstico de TDAH em ambos os países. O artigo integra dois campos de pesquisa. Na Argentina, foram analisados artigos de jornal, dados numéricos das organizações oficiais e profissionais e entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e grupais de profissionais de saúde realizadas entre 2007 e 2011. No Brasil, foram analisadas as revistas científicas, a observação participante e professores e profissionais de saúde. Conclui-se que os movimentos sociais nos dois países foram organizados e articulados, na tentativa de promover a discussão sobre a medicalização da infância e sua implantação na sociedade.

Resumo O artigo pretende oferecer uma análise sistemática de alguns resultados das investigações realizadas na Argentina e no Brasil sobre o uso de metilfenidato, sua prescrição e regulamento de venda. Também examinamos as discussões entre pesquisadores e profissionais que atendem indivíduos com diagnóstico de TDAH em ambos os países. O artigo integra dois campos de pesquisa. Na Argentina, foram analisados artigos de jornal, dados numéricos das organizações oficiais e profissionais e entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e grupais de profissionais de saúde realizadas entre 2007 e 2011. No Brasil, foram analisadas as revistas científicas, a observação participante e professores e profissionais de saúde. Conclui-se que os movimentos sociais nos dois países foram organizados e articulados, na tentativa de promover a discussão sobre a medicalização da infância e sua implantação na sociedade.

Abstract The paper aims to offer a systematic analysis of some results from investigations conducted in Argentina and Brazil relating on the use of methylphenidate, its prescription and sale’s regulation. We also examined the discussions among researchers and professionals assisting individuals diagnosed with ADHD in both countries. The article integrates two research fields. In Argentina, newspaper articles, official and professional organizations’ numeric data, and individual and group health professionals semi structured interviews conducted between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed. In Brazil scientific journals, participant observation and school teachers and health professionals were analyzed. Conclusions include that social movements in both countries have been organized and articulated, in an attempt to promote discussion on the medicalization of childhood and its deployment in society.

Resumen El trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis sistemático de algunos resultados de investigaciones realizadas en Argentina y Brasil relacionadas con el uso del metilfenidato, su prescripción y la regulación de la venta. También examinamos las discusiones entre investigadores y profesionales que asisten a personas diagnosticadas con TDAH en ambos países. El artículo integra dos campos de investigación. En Argentina se analizaron artículos de prensa, datos numéricos de organizaciones oficiales y profesionales y entrevistas semiestructuradas de profesionales de salud individuales y grupales realizadas entre 2007 y 2011. En Brasil se analizaron las revistas científicas, la observación participante y los profesores de las escuelas y los profesionales de la salud. Las conclusiones incluyen que los movimientos sociales en ambos países se han organizado y articulado, en un intento de promover el debate sobre la medicalización de la infancia y su despliegue en la sociedad.

RESUMO O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o detentor da maior produção de pêssegos do Brasil; entretanto, ainda possui valores baixos de produtividade, quando comparado com outros estados. Um dos problemas associados a isto é a ocorrência de solos com problemas de drenagem, principalmente na região de Pelotas que, dependendo do período do ano, podem sofrer situações de déficit hídrico ou de alagamento, na grande maioria dos anos, que prejudicam o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os efeitos prejudiciais causados por estes estresses, destacam-se a diminuição na taxa assimilatória líquida, fechamento de estômatos, a redução das atividades celulares, a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a desestabilização de membranas e de proteínas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em que magnitude os parâmetros de trocas gasosas de porta-enxertos de Prunus spp. são influenciados sob estresse por seca e alagamento. No experimento, foram avaliados parâmetros de trocas gasosas [taxa fotossintética líquida (A) condutância estomática (gs), carbono intercelular (Ci) e transpiração (E)], em três porta enxertos de Prunus spp. (pessegueiro ‘Capdeboscq’ e ameixeiras ‘Julior’ e ‘Marianna 2624’), em três condições hídricas (controle, déficit hídrico e alagamento do solo), durante sete dias. Os três porta-enxertos demonstraram ser mais suscetíveis ao alagamento do que ao déficit hídrico, apenas variando no tempo de resposta, que é intrínseco a cada genótipo, evidenciando existir variabilidade genética para a tolerância aos estresses estudados. A resposta ao estresse por déficit hídrico foi mais tardia em ambos os genótipos avaliados. Entretanto, no geral ‘Julior’ apresentou maior tolerância a ambos os estresses em relação aos outros porta enxertos avaliados. Tais informações são úteis para auxiliar na escolha de porta-enxertos para a produção de mudas, no manejo de pomares e para programas de melhoramento de plantas, visando à seleção de novos genótipos com maior tolerância a esses estresses abióticos.

ABSTRACT The state of Rio Grande do Sul is the largest peach productor in Brazil; however, it still possesses poor yield values when compared with other states. One of the problems associated with this is the occurrence of soils with drainage problems, mainly in Pelotas region, which depending on the year period, may undergo water deficit or flooding situations in the great majority of the years, which harm the crop development and yield. Among the harmful effects caused by these stresses stand out, the decrease in the net assimilation rate, closure of stomata, reduction of the cell activities, production of reactive oxygen species, membrane and protein destabilization. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate in what magnitude of the gaseous exchange parameters of Prunus spp. rootstocks are influenced under drought and flood stress. In the experiment, gas exchange parameters net photosynthetic rate (A) stomata conductance (gs), intercellular carbon (Ci) and transpiration (E)] were evaluated in three Prunus spp. rootstocks (peach tree ‘Capdeboscq’ and plum trees ‘Julior’ and ‘Marianna 2624’) under three water conditions (control, water deficit and soil flooding) for seven days. The three rootstocks proved more susceptible to flooding than to water deficit, only varying in response time, which is intrinsic to each genotype, and that there is a genetic variability for the tolerance to the studied stresses. The variation on physiological response to the water deficit stress was later in both evaluated genotypes. However, in general, ‘Julior’ presented greater tolerance to both stresses when compared to the other rootstocks evaluated. Such information is useful to help in the choice of rootstocks for plant production, in the orchard management and for plant breeding programs, aiming at the selection of new genotypes with increased tolerance to these water stresses.

Resumen Desde un análisis crítico de los estudios de la medicalización, y como un aporte a estas perspectivas, describimos y analizamos los modos en que la industria farmacéutica transnacional penetra en diversos espacios sociales, con diferentes estrategias de marketing, interviniendo en la consolidación de procesos medicalizadores en Argentina y Brasil. Se analizan dos modalidades de expansión de los procesos de medicalización, y se desarrollan aspectos y tendencias específicas del diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH en ambos países: la incidencia de la industria farmacéutica en los grupos de apoyo en Brasil y las estrategias de marketing farmacéutico orientadas a actores no médicos en Argentina. Estas dos modalidades se caracterizan por no involucrar sólo al profesional médico. La metodología incluye datos de investigaciones conducidas en Argentina y Brasil entre 1998 y 2014, con sede en la Universidad de Buenos Aires y la Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, orientadas al estudio de los procesos de diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH y el consumo de metilfenidato en ambos países. Se emplearon técnicas de entrevista semiestructurada individual y grupal a profesores y profesionales de salud, estadísticas oficiales y de organizaciones profesionales, y revisión de bibliografía general y especializada nacional e internacional. Concluimos que los fenómenos documentados en Argentina y Brasil ponen de relieve la importancia de efectuar investigaciones que contemplen aspectos singulares de los casos empíricos, y sus múltiples vinculaciones con entramados más amplios y en tensión de saberes, dispositivos, normativas y actores involucrados en la medicalización en el siglo XXI.

Abstract From a critical analysis of medicalization studies, and as a contribution to these perspectives, we describe and analyze the ways in which the transnational pharmaceutical industry penetrates diverse social spaces, with different marketing strategies, to consolidate medicalized processes in Argentina and Brazil. We analyzed two expansion methods of medicalization processes and specific ADHD diagnostic and treatment aspects and trends were developed in both countries: the impact of the pharmaceutical industry on advocacy groups in Brazil and pharmaceutical marketing strategies aimed at non-medical actors in Argentina. These two methods are characterized by involving other actors than medical professionals. The methodology includes data from research conducted in Argentina and Brazil between 1998 and 2014, based in the University of Buenos Aires and in the State University of Rio de Janeiro, focused on the study of ADHD diagnostic and treatment processes and methylphenidate consumption in both countries. We used individual and group semi-structured interview techniques with professors and health professionals, official and professional organization statistics, and national and international general and specialized literature. We concluded that the phenomena documented in Argentina and Brazil highlight the importance of conducting investigations that covers specific aspects of empirical cases and their multiple connections with broader and intense knowledges networks, dispositives, normatives and actors involved in the medicalization in the 21st century.